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Onopordum acanthium
''Onopordum acanthium'' (Cotton thistle, Scotch thistle), is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Europe and Western Asia from the Iberian Peninsula east to Kazakhstan, and north to central Scandinavia, and widely naturalised elsewhere.〔(Den virtuella floran: ''Onopordum acanthium'' (in Swedish, with maps) )〕〔(Flora Europaea: ''Onopordum acanthium'' )〕 It is a vigorous biennial plant with coarse, spiny leaves and conspicuous spiny-winged stems.〔Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. (1976). ''Flora Europaea'' vol. 4. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-08717-1〕
==Description==
It is a biennial plant, producing a large rosette of spiny leaves the first year. The plants typically germinate in the autumn after the first rains and exist as rosettes throughout the first year, forming a stout, fleshy taproot that may extend down 30 cm or more for a food reserve.
In the second year, the plant grows (0.2–) 0.5–2.5 (–3) m tall and a width of 1.5 m. The leaves are 10–50 cm wide, are alternate and spiny, often covered with white woolly hairs and with the lower surface more densely covered than the upper. The leaves are deeply lobed with long, stiff spines along the margins. Fine hairs give the plant a greyish appearance. The massive main stem may be 10 cm wide at the base, and is branched in the upper part. Each stem shows a vertical row of broad, spiny wings (conspicuous ribbon-like leafy material), typically 2–3 cm wide, extending to the base of the flower head.
The flowers are globe shaped, 2–6 cm in diameter, from dark pink to lavender, and are produced in the summer. The flower buds form first at the tip of the stem and later at the tip of the axillary branches. They appear singly or in groups of two or three on branch tips. The plants are androgynous, with both pistil and stamens, and sit above numerous, long, stiff, spine-tipped bracts, all pointing outwards, the lower ones wider apart and pointing downwards. After flowering, the ovary starts swelling and forms about 8,400 to 40,000 seeds per plant.〔〔(Flora of NW Europe: Cotton Thistle )〕〔Young, J.A. and R.A. Evans. 1969. "Control and ecological studies of Scotch thistle". Weed Science 17:60-63.〕
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